Ludwig Van Beethoven s Life - 987 Words

Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven was a tremendous musician and composer with a awfully long and tough life.He had a challenging childhood, but he used his music as his outlet. He moved from his home town in Bonn, which is now a museum, and became well known throughout the world. He lived in Europe when everything was changing, there were a lot of new wars and new rulers. He used a great deal of emotions in this music and because of all the time that he had spent practicing, when his hearing was lost his music was still considered to be incredible. People from his time and the present time see him as a genius. Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany approximately in December of 1770.There is no recorded date of Beethoven’s exact birth, but it is known that it is in December. This was an appropriate time for Beethoven to be born, it was receptive and ready to welcome a genius who would change everything. His parents produced seven children, but only four of them lived to adulthood. Only Ludwig and his two younger brothers remained. In school it is said that he was a shy, taciturn, serious young man. That he was â€Å"enclosed in himself† and extremely â€Å"peevish with people†(Marek 39). School turned out to not be so clear for young Beethoven as he chose to drop out when he was eleven, this resulted in him never learning to spell, do math, or write well. Although, he did learn French, Latin, and Italian. This was around 1780 and was when he began to compose pieces, one ofShow MoreRelatedBiography Of Ludwig Van Beethoven s Life On All Levels Of The Greatest People That Eve r Walked The Earth1228 Words   |  5 PagesDecmber 16th 1770 in Bonn Ludwig Van Beethoven was created to be soon form into one of the greatest people that ever walked the earth. As a composer, Ludwig Beethoven can be considered the equivalent of any of today’s stars of popular music. His trend setting compositions made music an integral part of life on all levels of society from the royal courts to the general population. His mass appeal can be attributed to his standard defying compositions that forcibly modernized the 18th century musicRead MoreMusic Compare and Contrast1570 Words   |  7 Pageshave it easy. Neither did Ludwig van Beethoven who grew to be one of the most successful composers of all time. Taking in the world and challenges around them, both of these artists overcame many obstacles to become what they are known for. Their fans have followed and have been inspired by them. The band Thirty Seconds to Mars and Ludwig van Beethoven came from two different eras and have rough times in their youth but overcame to succeed in the music world. â€Å"[Ludwig] Beethoven’s father, JohannRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1600 Words   |  7 PagesLudwig van Beethoven is known for much of his musical accomplishments. One of his most famous is that he is deaf and yet one of the best musical composers of the classical and romanic area. Beethoven has always been one of my personal favorite composers. When I grew up and started taking piano, Beethoven s Fur Elise was my first large classical piece. Ever since that point on I insisted that when we were in Germany we see his home, and that we did. In this essay I will be explaining Ludwigs YouthRead MoreBeethovens Life Outline1208 Words   |  5 Pages1. Intro: Composer Ludwig van Beethoven was an innovator, widening the scope of sonata, symphony, concerto, and quartet, and combining vocals and instruments in a new way. His personal life was marked by a struggle against deafness, and some of his most important works were composed during the last 10 years of his lif e, when he was quite unable to hear. He is an crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, a pianist, a composer who remains one ofRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven : The First Four Notes1432 Words   |  6 PagesLudwig van Beethoven Do you think you could identify a composer’s work is the first four notes of their piece? A note sequence of short, short, short, long describes one of the most iconic classical symphonies of all time. For most people in the world this German composer has made that possible with the amount of success he achieved in his career. This composer has influenced generations of music makers and listeners from the 1800’s to today. Undoubtingly one of the most influential, well-knownRead MoreThe Classical And Romantic Eras Of Classical Music999 Words   |  4 Pages Ludwig Van Beethoven served as an important link between two important periods of time, the classic and romantic eras of music, and his compositions still stand today as a famous memorial of the past. Many people say, ‘Music never dies!’, and that statement has proven true by Beethoven’s Legacy, a creation of many famous compositions of classical music that still stand, untouched by history today as a sound, a true monument that represents the golden age of classical music, a trip into the ever-growingRead MoreJohann Van Beethoven And The Greatest Composer Of All Time955 Words   |  4 PagesTest Part 1 Beethoven Due 11/19/14 Ludwig Van Beethoven lived a very complex life. When Beethoven was a young boy he suffered the abuse of his alcoholic father. He later lost who he thought to be â€Å"the only one who ever loved him†, along with his hearing which due to his passion for music made him feel less important. Beethoven went through struggle after struggle making a name for himself. But despite all of the heartache and despair in his life his music overcame it all. Beethoven used his musicalRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven, Pianist And Composer1381 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the late 18th century, Ludwig van Beethoven, pianist and composer, began to his glorious rise to fame in the world of music. After moving to Vienna and becoming a pupil of the celebrated Joseph Haydn, Beethoven commenced his period of compositional productivity and creativity, as known as the â€Å"Heroic Phase† or â€Å"The Middle Period†. Beethoven’s musical style and productivity were heavily based o ff Romanticism, the idea of expressing one self’s thoughts and emotions freely through the artsRead MoreThe Most Beautiful Pieces Of Music1345 Words   |  6 Pages Mozart, Chopin, and Vivaldi, but none has as amazing a story as Ludwig Van Beethoven. â€Å"His life played out like one of his beautiful symphonies, with unimaginable highs, lows, victories, and defeats,† (Viegas 5). Ludwig Van Beethoven was an 18th century classical composer famous for his nine symphonies, and is also recognized as one of the cornerstones of Western civilization through the legacy of his music. Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany. He was the son of Johann, a tenor of theRead MoreBiography of Ludwig van Beethoven746 Words   |  3 Pagescontributions brought by Ludwig van Beethoven. He was one of the most influential German composer and pianist of all time. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany on December 16, 1770. His mother was a singer in the service and his father was a court musician. His father noticed that Beethoven had a skill at a young age, and began teaching him piano and violin. Beethoven was a hard learner, self-involved and impatient. Gottlob Neefe, become young Beethoven’s mentor, he thought Beethoven was the next Mozart

Behind the Fences The History of Japanese Americans Essay

Between the years of 1942- 1945, the lives of many Japanese Americans were changed. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese military made the United States concerned about national security. The US was also made wary of Japanese people living in America, even though they were legal citizens. This fear of the Japanese immigrants put into motion the document that would forever leave an impact on the unsuspecting Asian foreigners. The Japanese were often lead away from their homes, mistreated, and in the end they were released after years of imprisonment, but the effects of the tragedy were too great to ignore. The order that would lead to the change in the lives of Japanese Americans was issued on February 19, 1942. It was signed by†¦show more content†¦They were forced to receive identification numbers and new housing inside a small, dingy, and poor camp. They were also given vaccines, to protect them from diseases that they might encounter while in the camp. The living sp ace inside the camps was very small, and most people were forced to live in small shacks or stables. After they got to the camps, they were forced to face unsanitary living conditions. People were shocked to see the conditions of the camps. Many people actually died because of the unsanitary conditions. There were also many health issues that were the result of the conditions of the camps, one author says, â€Å"Long-term health consequences included psychological anguish, as well as increased cardiovascular disease† (Gwendolyn M. Jensen). One reason that the conditions were so terrible was because of the amount of people that were being stuffed into the camps. There were over 122,000 Japanese Americans being shoved into only ten camps around the country. These camps were located in California, Colorado, Texas, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Arizona, and Arkansas. The daily lives of the Japanese Americans consisted of many of the same things that they would normally do, except in har sher conditions. For the most part, the children were given an education; although it was not aShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Pearl Harbor1475 Words   |  6 PagesWhen the Japanese had economic success for a long time, also with an American fear of WWII, the Nazis, and a long-standing anti-Asian racism turned into disaster when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The bombing killed more than 2,300 Americans. It completely destroyed the American battleship U.S.S. Arizona and capsized the U.S.S. Oklahoma. The attack sank or beached a total of twelve ships and damaged nine others. 160 aircraft were destroyed and 150 others damaged. Lobbyists fromRead More Snow Falling on Cedars Essay1129 Words   |  5 Pagessince history was recorded. Even the most open-minded people and enlightened organizations can be blamed as being prejudice sometime or another. However, prejudice always takes its toll from these people who form opinions beforehand or without any facts. The novel, Snow Falling On Cedars, take place during a time in which Americans are prejudice towards Japanese people. David Guterson’s novel takes place several years after World War II when hatred towards the Japanese filled Americans’ heartsRead MorePresident Franklin Roosevelt and Pearl Harbor705 Words   |  3 PagesAmerica by the Japanese because they weren’t able to get aid from Japanese Americans because they were tested for their loyalty (Takagi).Disloyal Japanese Americans no longer had a way to assist the Japanese (Sonia). By testing the Japanese Americans Roosevelt protected the USA from any more attacks. Another main justification for the creation of internment camps is that Americans were paranoid that Japanese Americans were aiding the Japanese and they constantly felt unsafe, so Japanese being in internmentRead MoreWhy Mine Okubo Was An American Citizen Of Japanese Descent1117 Words   |  5 PagesMine Okubo was an American citizen of Japanese des cent, artist, and writer who was one of over a hundred thousand Japanese people that were forced into internment camps for â€Å"protective purposes† during World War II. In her graphic novel Citizen 13660, which was named after the number designated to her family unit, Okubo documents her journey from her initial relocation to Tanforan Assembly Center after the Pearl Harbor attack, up until she is finally granted release from the Central Utah RelocationRead MoreJapanese Internment Camps718 Words   |  3 PagesJapanese interment camps, if youre like me, are unheard of. The camps happened during World War II. It was a sad situation that America seems to hide because there is no way to justify what they did. American citizens had their rights stripped away before their eyes. They were treated awful despite what the Constitution said. Japanese interment camps began after the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. The repercussions of Pearl Harbor stereotyped Japanese people as untrustworthy. In February of 1942,Read MoreJapanese-American Internment Camps In Nisei Daughter By Monica Sone940 Words   |  4 PagesAfter Japanese terrorist attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941, Americans have discriminated Japanese- Americans after their tremendous incident. Since the U.S. proclaimed a war zone, they decided to send Japanese-Americans to internment camps to keep themselves â€Å"secure†. The U.S. also sent Japanese-Americans to internment camps to make it accessible for the military to find Japanese spies. Some people accepted the execution the U.S. took to clarify this situation and some disagreed withRead More Japanese Alien and Japanese-American Poets In U. S. Relocation Camps4710 Words   |  19 PagesOn February 19, 1942, Franklin Delano Roosevelt issued the infamous Executive Order 9066, which resulted in the internment of 110,000 Japanese Aliens and Japanese Americans in concentration camps because of the so-called military threat, they posed. In 1945, poet Lawson Fusao Inada wrote the following poem, titled Concentration Constellation, which refers to the various relocation camps that were used to contain these people: In this earthly configuration, We have, not points of light, butRead MoreThe Threat Of The Atomic Bomb1131 Words   |  5 PagesThere have been many wars the United States of America have fought in since World War I to the ruthless naval sea battle in World War II with the Japanese. There is no question about it that war is a great catastrophe, which leads to death of soldiers, destruction, butchery, but the worst kind of all the atomic war. One only has to think of the havoc this nuclear war would cause Capio mentioned in the article Airpower Journal (68). Just like when the United States Air Force dropped the Atomic bombRead MoreRhetoric Of A World War II Political Cartoon Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagesdrawn by Theodor Seuss Geisel knew now as Dr. Seuss, famous for writing children’s books. This 1942 World War II cartoon depicts Japanese Americans living on the West Coast as guilty for having helped convict the treacherous act of the bombardment of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. As well as this image depicts Japanese Americans a s untrustworthy forcing Japanese Americans to be relocated and interned after. 2. This ad appeared in 1942, a year later after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Before the attackRead MoreJapanese Internment Camps during WWII1584 Words   |  7 PagesIn many times throughout history groups of people have been discriminated against based on race or religion. These people receive inferior rights because of the discrimination. In some cases they do not get citizenship, in others they are segregated from others, and physically harmed. Two groups of people that faced discrimination near World War II (WWII) were the Jewish people and Japanese Americans. Both groups faced very different types of discrimination by different oppressors with different

Optimal Health Outcomes For People With Asthma- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOptimal Health Outcomes For People With Asthma. Answer: Given the challenges that most asthma patients as well as medical practitioners face in their bid to manage the condition, it is imperative that a correct diagnosis be established prior to administration of care or treatment to the patient. As studies reveal, correct diagnosis is critical in assessing poor symptom control and as such, physicians would be inclined to undertake comprehensive history of the patient, physical examination and lung function measurement when necessitated. In this light, it is advocated that barriers that contribute to sub-optimal asthma control should be identified and eradicated (Barton et al, 2009, p. 103). Some of these factors include; smoking, poor inhaler technique and disregarding patients views (Dima, Bruin Ganse, 2016, p. 867). Hence, it is suggested that clinical trials should be administered among diverse patient populations so as to determine a wide range of these barriers and distinguish effective ways in which they can be controlled. To successfully improve the well-being asthma patients, primary care and specialist care have been supplemented with non-clinical interventions that are specifically tailored to suit the needs of the patient. Such interventions may include; environmental assessments where the patient is residing, in-depth education of asthma inclusive of the preventive measures that may be initiated by the individual, and mitigation of the risks or rather exposure of the individual to factors that may trigger asthma. Evidence reveals that such strategies have been found to be essential in decreasing urgent medical encounters as well as improving the quality of life of the patient in a process that facilitates speedy recoveries (Hoppin, Jacob Stillman, 2010, p. 2). An integrated information system for patient centered monitoring of asthma patients has also been advocated for as an appropriate measure for providing care to asthma patients. Ideally, the implementation of automated systems in healthcare settings has proved to be pivotal in hastening the provision of care by reducing the time that patients get access to physicians. On the same note, such systems have also been effective in reducing the work load for medical practitioners as well as promoting patient safety by reducing errors in the provision of care (Cano et al, 2009, p. 373). In this light, research has revealed that by implementing a model information system that is capable of integrating patient health information for asthma patients, medical practitioners will realize an improved level of connectivity for health information that specifically supports the care of patients with persistent asthma (Adams, et al, 2003, p. 2). Finally, the Asthma Model of Care developed in Western Australia provides a number of best practices that can be instituted among patients suffering from asthma. The model basically focuses on optimal pathways of care and the management of long-term conditions in a way that enhances self-management as well as disease and case management. In this light, the model proposes a number of practices including; reducing asthma related risks, early or prompt diagnosis, asthma self-management, assessment of severity of asthma, management of transition care, and asthma education (Department of Health, 2012). In this plan, it has been articulated that physicians ought to implement these plans in an attempt to help prevent or rather mitigate the prevalence of asthma as a chronic condition that affects all patient populations regardless of their age. Policy and Relevant Information Ideally, people suffering from asthma incur huge medical costs in their attempts to treat the condition. Furthermore, they lack sufficient education as evidenced by their inability to access comprehensive asthma education especially in during the home environmental interventions. Also, services being accorded to asthma patients are not adequately paid for by insurance companies thereby making it even the more expensive to treat the condition (Hoppin, Jacob Stillman, 2010, p. 2). Thus by providing access to education where patients become well acquainted with the risk factors and the measures that they may take to help prevent the condition from escalating or rather, to facilitate recovery, becomes critical in the provision of care for asthma patients. Physicians in their practice have also been cautioned on the need to conduct comprehensive patient assessments so as to be able to understand the exact symptoms of asthma and subsequently prevent poor controls of asthma (Hoecke Cauwenberge, 2007, p. 706). In such cases, a simple question regarding the medical history of the patient has been found to be effective in achieve such objectives. Moreover, physicians have also been inclined to respect patient autonomy thereby taking their time to appreciate individual patient views relating to their health (Haughney et al, 2008, p. 1682). Hence, discussions between medical practitioners and patients have been guided under such facets thereby ensuring that patient receives care that is well suited to their needs. In various medical organizations, technology has been incorporated for the better management of health for patients. For asthma patients in particular, an integrated information system comprising of three main components has been implemented to improve the monitoring of patients with asthma. The technology comprising of patient centred telephone linked communication system and an internet-based alert that facilitates reporting and nurse case management system has proven to be efficient in supporting customized monitoring of patients while at the same time transferring critical data that facilitates timely provision of care to patients (Adams et al, 2003, p. 1). Thus, the inclusion of technology in medical practice has proven to be critical in the management and provision of care to asthma patients. Additionally, given the financial challenges faced in health care as well as the economy in terms of the costs incurred in treating asthma, it has become essential for medical practitioners and patients alike to develop strategies under the model that are specifically suited in controlling the health, social and economic burden that is presented by this condition (Watson, Turk Rabe, 2007, p. 1885). Thus it has become essential to develop coordinated plan that addresses smoking especially among aboriginal communities since they comprise the target population that is deemed to be at the most risk. Asthma action plans for children and adolescents should also be implemented and distributed across different regions (Mogasale Vos, 2013, p. 206). Early diagnosis should also be facilitated through identification and training of spirometry providers who are caters for patients with respiratory conditions (Department of Health, 2012). Management of asthma should also be centered on access to integrated and coordinated services with more emphasis being placed on consumer education. Similarly, workforce education should be provided to medical practitioners at all levels of the organization (Rhonda et al, 2012). An Appropriate Person Centred Plan of Care A comprehensive asthma management program should ideally look to incorporate in-home environmental interventions as well as invest in asthma education for the patients. Most of the patients suffering from asthma are not well aware of the risk factors that could trigger an attack. Furthermore, the care that they receive in other environments should ideally be insufficient to cater for the needs of the patient (Jones, 1999, p. 16). For instance, in the case of Jean, she continues to smoke while ignoring the risk that this behavior has on her health. Her dietary habits are also not healthy as it should be. These factors indicate that Jean could be ignorant of her well-being. Hence, instigating a care plan that incorporates interventions in the environment of the patient would ideally be critical in revealing such aspects of Jeans life thereby necessitating prompt actions to mitigate them (Kuipers et al, 2017, p. 889). Furthermore, Jean could further be educated on the important measures that she needs to undertake in order to facilitate quick recovery. In such a case therefore, the program would be successful in ensuring that the unhealthy habits such as poor dietary habits and smoking are eliminated in the life of Jean thereby facilitating quick and full recovery of the patient (Smiley, 2011). Even so, smoking has been touted as one of the leading causes of poor management of asthma, and as such, education could help Jean keep abreast with such facts thereby deterring her from smoking and further exacerbating her condition. In the provision of care, it is also essential that the medical practitioners such as nurses guide their patient related discussions with an open mind that takes into account the patients perspective concerning the matter. In this light, it would be worthwhile for the practitioner to ensure that they have conducted a comprehensive test that would identify how exactly the condition impacts on the patient (Haughney et al, 2008, p. 1682). In relation to Jean, she detests hospitals primarily because she is not listened to and there has been an ongoing lack of privacy. At this thought, she becomes deterred from seeking medical assistance a factor which contributes to her health deteriorating even further. It therefore becomes apparent that physicians in this medical facility exhibit ignorance to patient autonomy and they seem utterly oblivious of how their neglect and ignorance impacts negatively on the well-being of their patients. To rectify this malpractice, it is imperative that the medical practitioners to return to the basics of history taking and consider that the possible ramifications that may occur as a result of their behavior (Smiley, 2011). As such, the care plan should look to ensure that the medical practitioners take into account the input being given by Jean, the patient in this case, if the care plan is to be effective in achieving better health outcomes for the patient. The inclusion of technologically based medical systems could prove to be pivotal in the provision of care for patients. As evidence reveal, technology has facilitated timely and accurate delivery of data in various decision making points within a healthcare organization thereby promoting better patient outcomes and ultimate delivery of quality care (Adams et al, 2003, p. 2). Hence, the inclusion of information based system that maintains communication between the physician and the patient could enhance patient monitoring thereby improving on the quality of care. In Jeans case for example, there is need to maintain constant communication between the nurse and the patient (Cano et al, 2016, p. 373). This is mainly because Jean is finding it difficult to keep track of her medication and the care plan thereby failing to adhere to the stipulated care plan. Notably, a patient centred telephone-linked communication can enable sufficient communication between Jean and her nurses when she is at her home. In this case, the nurse and the patient can communicate frequently in the process reminding the patient of the care plan. As such, this process enhances the monitoring of the patient and ensuring that the care plan is effective (Rhonda et al, 2012). In addition, this patient monitoring can enable the medical practitioner to distinguish the care plans that are proving to be fruitful and those that provide minimal or no benefits to the patient (Turner, 2016, p. 33). Consequently, necessary changes can be made in a bid to improve the care being provided. It is also In addition, management of asthma plan should incorporate smoking cessation program especially among high risk patient populations such as pregnant women, people with mental health issues and among economically disadvantaged communities (Turner, 2016, p. 34). Similarly, Jean is at high risk of asthma considering the number cigarettes she smokes in a given day. Thus, such a program could be pivotal in guaranteeing Jean a smooth road towards recovery. Implementation of the Plan of Care Given the prevalence of asthma among children across the globe, the implemented plan should coincide with the services and the available health professionals found in Sydney Childrens Hospital Network. With a strong and committed workforce coupled with the fact that the institution is also research based, it is highly likely that the development and implementation of the technologically based communication system will be achievable. The high quality health services accorded to children should therefore make an inclusion of support to communication technology that should incorporate telehealth for the benefit of the patient (SHCN, 2018). Notably, this incentive will enhance the monitoring of children diagnosed with Asthma. In addition, this offers a new level of connectivity of health information that supports monitoring. Also, the system will ensure that the parents or caretakers of these patients have easy access to and control of health care information which may comprise of elect ronic health records (Turner, 2016, p. 33). Hence, this would guarantee that the patients have been accorded the best possible care. References Adams et al., 2003. TLC-Asthma: An Integrated Information System for Patient-Centered Monitoring, Case Management, and Point-of-Care Decision Support. Annual Symposium Proceedings Archive, 2003, pp. 1-5. Barton et al., 2009. Management of Asthma in Australian General Practice: Care is still not in Line with Clinical Practice Guidelines. Primary Care Respiratory Journal, 18, 100-105. Cano et al., 2016. Application of Telemedicine for the Optimal Control of Asthma Patients. Journal of Pulmonary Respiratory Medicine, 6(5), pp. 372-377. Department of Health, Western Australia, 2012. Asthma Model of Care. Available at: https://www.healthnetworks.health.wa.gov.au/modelsofcare/docs/Asthma_Model_of_Care.pdf. Dima, A. L., Bruin, M., Ganse, E. V., 2016. Mapping the Asthma Care Process: Implications for Research and Practice. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 4(5), pp. 868-876. Haughney, et al., 2008. Achieving Asthma Control in Practice: Understanding the Reasons for Poor Control. Respiratory Medicine, 102(12), pp. 1681-1693. Hoecke, H. V., Cauwenberge, P. V., 2007. Critical Look at the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Allergic Rhinitis. Respiratory Medicine, 101(4), pp. 706-714. Hoppin, P., Jacobs, M., Stillman, L., 2010. Investing in Best Practices for Asthma: A Business Case. Available at: https://kresge.org/sites/default/files/Investing%20in%20Best%20Practices%20fo%20Asthma-A%20Business%20Case%20%20August%202010%20Update.pdf Jones, C. A., 1999. Best Practices for Pediatric Asthma: Improved Clinical Management for the Inner-City Patient. Journal of the National Medical Association, 91(8), pp. 16-25. Kuipers et al., 2017. Self-Management Research of Asthma and Good Drug Use (SMARAGD Study): A Pilot Trial. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 39(4), 888-896. Mogasale, V., Vos, T., 2013. Cost-Effectiveness of Asthma Clinic Approach in the Management of Chronic Asthma in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 37(3), pp. 205-300. Rhonda et al, 2012. Asthma Management: Implementation of Short-Acting Beta Agonist Guidelines in Western Australia: A Unique Collaboration. The Australian Journal of Pharmacy, 93(1104). Smiley, E. 2011. Determining Evidence Based Practices in Asthma Management. Available at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051context=mph. The Sydney Childrens Hospitals Network (SCHN), 2018. Information for Professionals. Available at: https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/professionals. Turner, S. 2016. Predicting and Reducing Risk of Exacerbations in Children with Asthma in the Primary Care Setting: Current Perspectives. Pragmatic and Observational Research, 7, pp. 33-39. Watson, L., Turk, F., Rabe, K. F. (2007). Burden of Asthma in the Hospital Setting: An Australian Analysis. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 61(11), 1884-1888.

Iran-Contra Essays - Nicaraguan Revolution, IranContra Affair

Iran-Contra The Iran-Contra affair is not one scandalous incident, but rather two covert operations started under Reagan's administration. In the beginning, these two operations were independent of each other, but eventually became linked though funds received from the sale of arms to Iran for hostages and then given to the Contras fighting to overthrow a Marxist government in Nicaragua. The scandal began with Nicaraguan politics. After the Marxist Sandinista regime took over Nicaragua in 1979, the government was faced with a growing communist threat to US interest in Central America. When President Reagan took office in 1981, he was vehemently determined to halt the spread of communism, especially in Central America (Arnson 1989, 8). Seeking to bolster US prestige and military power, Reagan took a tough stand against communism in the Western Hemisphere. In Nicaragua, he gave the Central Intelligence Agency the approval to help organize and aid a group of Contrarevolucionarios or Contras who were in opposition to the Sandinista regime (Arnson 1989, 6). Congress, unwilling to fight in another country's war after the devastating loss in Vietnam, began restricting the use of government funds for rebel guerrillas in Central America. The CIA, concerned that soon Congress would cut off the funding for their program, began to stockpile arms for the contras (Walsh 1997, 18). Their fears were realized when Congress enacted the second Boland Amendment which stated: No funds available tot he Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense, or any other agency or entity of the United States involved in intelligence activities may be obligated or expended for the purpose of which would have the effect of supporting, directly or indirectly, military or paramilitary operations in Nicaragua by any nation, group, organization, movement, or individual (Arnson 1989, 167-8). The Reagan administration interpreted the Boland Amendment as not covering the activities of the National Security Council (NSC). The NSC was established in 1947 with the explicit purpose of advising the President on all matters relating to national security. Beginning with the Eisenhower administration, the NSC was given a small staff that ultimately grew and turned into a vital arm of the presidency. As years went by, the NSC staff began controlling the policy-making output of both State and Defense Department, as well as the activities of the CIA (Draper 1991, 11). When the CIA was banned from acting in Nicaragua by the second Boland amendment, President Reagan surreptitiously bypassed Congress and employed his NSC staff instead. National Security Council staffer Oliver North became the central coordinator supplying aid to the Contras. After Reagan's reelection in 1984, he began an additional covert operation. This time, it was the effort to release seven American hostages being held in Lebanon by a radical Islamic group called the Hezbollah. The operation included trading arms for hostages, which clearly violated the Arms Export Control Act, the National Security Act, and stated US policy not to deal with terrorists (Walsh 1997, 3). Iran, in the middle of a war with Iraq, was desperate for weapons. Many Iranians approached US officials offering t help free the hostages in Lebanon in exchange for arms. National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane was approached by Israeli intermediaries and was persuaded to ask the President about negations with the Iranians. Reagan approved a shipment of 96 wire-guided anti-tank missiles to be delivered to Iran on August 30, 1985, and another 408 to be delivered on September 14. After the secret exchange of these weapons, the Iranians released only one hostage. In an effort to release more hostages, a second large shipment of weapons was to take place in November. The Israeli aircraft intended to ship the weapons could not fly directly to Iran. The plan was to fly to a European air base, transfer the cargo to another plane and then fly to Iran, but they were not able to obtain the necessary clearance to do so. From that point on, Oliver North began arranging for CIA planes to carry the shipment of weapons to Iran (Walsh 1997, 5). The President then decided to drop the Israelis as middlemen and negotiated the direct sale of arms from the United Stated to Iran. HE also decided to keep these actions secret from Congress. North subsequently began selling the Iranians missiles at marked up prices. He negotiated low purchase price with the Department of Defense and the surplus funds were then used to pay for aid to the Contras (Walsh 1997, 20). Two unrelated incidents that revealed Iranian and Contra covert operations occurred within one month of each other. On October 5, 1986, Sandinista troops shot down an